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Disaster Preparation Tips 預防自然災害

Natural Disaster Preparation 預防自然災害


Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, can happen anytime and anywhere suddenly. To raise one’s level of safety, one shall plan ahead and follow these following measure.

What to do to prepare for disasters?
1)      Check for hazards at your house. For example:
a.       Hang picture frames and mirrors away from areas where people can sit, such as beds and  sofas.
b.      Fix any cracks on the floor or in the ceilings.
c.      Reorganize the shelves by placing heavy objects at the bottom of the shelves

2)      Identify Safe Places Indoors and Outdoors. For example:
a.     Under a strong desk.
b.     In the open areas away from buildings and streetlights.

3)      Educate Yourself and Your Family Members
a.     You can contact the American Red Cross for more information regarding earthquakes.
b.     Practice the Drop, Cover, & Hold drills.
c.     Identify the best escape routes from your house.
     d.    “Teach all family members how and when to turn off gas, electricity, and water,” according to  http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/index.shtm

4)      Prepare Disaster Supplies On Hand. A part of the disaster kit is your Go-Bag.
a.      Flashlight
b.      Portable radio- Battery Operated
c.      Whistle
d.      Enough food & water to last for at least three days
e.      Medicine and first aid kit
f.       Cash and credit cards
g.      Batteries
h.      Sturdy shoes, clothes and a warm hat
i.       Pocket Knife
j.       Local Map
k.      Emergency point of-contact phone numbers
l.       Copy of Identification Cards and Health Insurance
m.     Any special-needs materials for seniors, children, or people with disabilities.

5)      Form an Emergency Communication Plan.
a.   If members of the family are separated from each other during a disaster, such as  earthquake, form a plan for meeting back with each other after the disaster happens.
b.   Ask a friend or relative from outside of state to work as the “family contact” who every member in the family can contact after the disaster happens.

6)      Help Your Community Get Ready.
a.   Write and publish a section in your local newspaper dedicated to emergency information regarding earthquakes. 
b.   Get to know your neighbors. Ask to see if they have any expertise, such as medical knowledge, that might be of use in a disaster. Arrange time to check on neighbor’s house if one of you is not at home when a disaster happens.

What to do if disaster occurs?

Earthquake:
 If you are indoor when an earthquake happens: 
1) Immediately drop to the floor; take cover by staying beneath a strong desk or table; and hold on until the earthquake ends. If you are away from a firm desk or table, drop to the ground next to a wall or an inside corner of a building and cover your own head & neck with your arms.
      2) Stay away from windows, mirrors, hanging objects, and any objects that could fall
      3) Do not attempt to run out of the building during a strong earthquake because this can cause yourself further injuries. Studies have shown that most of the injuries happen when people inside the buildings try to leave or move to a different place inside the building. 
      4) If you are located at Downtown San Francisco when an earthquake occurs, it is safer to stay within a building until the earthquake stops, except when there is a fire or gas leak. This is because Downtown San Francisco has no open space that is far enough from falling debris or glass to be regarded as safe places.
      5) If you are in bed when an earthquake happens, remain in your bed, hold on, and cover your head with your pillow.
      6) Don’t use elevators.

If you are outdoors when an earthquake happens:
  • Walk to an open area if you can walk safely. Stay away from building structures, power lines, streetlights, and trees.
  • Once you reached the open areas, remain there until the earthquake stops. “Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of death or injury. Most earthquake-related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects,” according to http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/index.shtm.
  • If you’re driving your vehicle, quickly pull to the side of the road and halt. Don’t stop beneath buildings, utility wires, or trees.
  • If you are on the beach, quickly go to higher ground. An earthquake can trigger a tsunami.

When the earthquake stops:
  • Quickly check the people near you to see if they are injured; give them immediate help. Don’t move badly injured people unless they are in great danger.
  • Observe your surroundings to look for hazardous conditions, such as fires.
  • “If you have fire extinguishers and are trained to use them, put out small fires immediately. Turn off the gas only if you smell gas,” according to www.72hours.org
  • Examine your house for damages.

If you are trapped in debris:
  • Move as little as possible so that you don’t kick up dust. Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or clothing, “ according to www.72hours.org.
  • Tap on a wall or pipe so rescuers can locate you. If you have a whistle, use it. Shout only if you have no other options.

What to Do After an Earthquake,

  • Expect and prepare for any aftershocks.
  • Pay attention and listen carefully to a battery-operated radio for the latest emergency information.
  • If you were to use your telephone, please use it only for emergency calls.
  • Move away from damaged areas.
  • If you live at places near the coast or open sea, be cautious of possible tsunamis.
  • Assist injured or trapped people.
  • Examine your chimneys closely for damages. Damages that are unnoticed can cause a fire.
  • Examine your utilities.
    • Check for gas leaks.
    • Check for electrical system damage.
    • Examine for sewage and water lines damage.


自然災害,如地震,可以隨時隨地突然發生。為了提高自己的安全水平, 應當提前準備 ,按照下列以下措施。
 
你可以做什麼準備災害?

1) 在你家裡的危險。例如:
杭相框和鏡子遠離人們可以坐的地方, 如床和沙發。
修復任何裂痕的地板或天花板。
重組貨架, 放重物放置 貨架的底部.

2)確定室和室外安全的地方。例如:
堅固的桌子

在開放的地區, 遠離建築物和街燈。

3)教導你和你的家庭成員
你可以在美國紅十字會收集更多有關地震的知識
實踐蹲下,尋找掩護,和後持。
確定從你房子的最佳逃生路線。

 4) 教導所有家庭成員如何以及何時關閉煤氣,電,水, " according to http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/index.shtm

5)準備防災用品在手邊。一個工具包的一部分是你 隨身包
手電筒
便攜式收音機
角哨子
夠的食物和水,持續至少三天
急救箱
現金及信用卡
電池
結實的鞋,衣服和溫暖的帽子
小刀
當地地圖
應急聯繫人的電話號碼
身份證和醫療保險
任何特殊需老人,兒童或殘疾人士。

6)成立應急通信方案。
如果在災害期間, 如地震, 家庭成員互相分離,形成一個發生災難後的計劃,與對方
外工作的朋友或親屬作為家庭聯繫, 一個家庭中每個成員可以在災難發生後聯繫的
 
7)幫助你的社區做好準備。
答:編寫和出版一節專門在當地報紙關於地震的緊急信息。
了解你的鄰居。問是否有任何專業知識,如醫學知識. 這可能是在災難中使用。如果災難發生, 你的鄰居不在家, 你的鄰居安排時間檢對方的房子。

如果發生災難, 怎麼做?

地震:
如果地震發生時, 你有室
立即下降到地面,尋找掩護,隱藏在大桌子底下,並按住,直到地震結束。如果你是遠離桌子,在旁邊牆壁的地上或建築物的角落,用雙臂覆蓋到自己的頭上和頸部。
1)遠離窗,鏡子,懸掛物品,以及任何有可能墜落的物體.
2)發生強烈地震時, 不要試圖跑出建築物,因為這可能會導致自己更多的傷害。有研究表明,大多數的傷害發生建築物,當人們試圖離開或移動到樓不同的地方。
3)如果在地震發生時, 你是位於舊金山市中心,在建築物停留是最安全的計劃,直到地震停止,除非發生火災或煤氣洩漏。這是因為舊金山市中心沒有開放的空間,是遠遠不掉落碎片或玻璃將被視為安全的地方。
4)如果你在床上時,地震發生了,留在你的床上,堅持住,並且用你的枕頭保護你的頭。
5)不要使用電梯。

如果發生地震時, 您在戶外:
如果你能安全的行走, 步行到一個開放的區域遠離建築結構,電源線,路燈,樹木。
一旦你到達空曠地方,留在那裡,直到地震停止。 在地震地面動很少死或受傷。大多數地震有關的傷亡是由倒塌的牆壁,飛濺的玻璃和掉落的物品,根據 http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/index.shtm
如果你駕駛您的車輛,迅速拉向一側的道路和停止。不要停止在建築物,電線電纜,或樹上的下面的。
如果你是在沙灘上,迅速前往地勢較高的地方。一場地震發生, 可能引發海嘯。
 

當地震停止:
快速檢查,看看你身邊的人,如果他們受傷; 給他們及時的幫助。不要移動嚴重受傷的人,除非他們的情況很危險。
觀察你的周圍,看看是否有危險的情況,如火災。
•“
如果你有滅火器和進行培訓,使用它們,立即熄滅火。當你聞到煤氣味, 關掉煤氣," 根據 www.72hours.org.
查你房子的損失

如果你被困在廢墟:
•"
盡量少動,這樣你就不會揚起灰塵。用手帕或衣物遮住你的鼻子和嘴," 根據 www.72hours.org
敲擊牆壁或管道,營救人員可以找到你。如果你有一個口哨,使用它。如果你沒有其他選擇, 能呼喊  
  
地震後,你該怎麼辦?

根據 http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/index.shtm:

準備地震後會有餘震。
注意並認真聽收音機, 注意最新緊急情況信息。
如果你使用你的電話,請使用它僅用於緊急通話
遠離受損的區域。
如果你住在靠近海岸的地方或大海,謹慎有海嘯的可能性。
協助受傷或受困的人。
查你煙囪的損失。不被注意的損害可能引起火災。
查你的實用工具。
o
查煤氣洩漏。
o
查電氣系統的損害。
Ø
查污水和水管線的損害




Fire is dangerous and can spread very quickly. Each year, 4,000 Americans die and 25,000 are injured because of fires. Fires produce a poisonous gas that cause drowsiness and disorients the body. Inhaling the hot air is more dangerous itself then the fire. For more information please contact your local fire department or visit online at http://www.fema.gov/hazard/fire/index.shtm
 

What you can do to protect yourself and others in an event of a fire
Smoke Alarms
  • Smoke alarms increase your chance of survival
  • Place smoke alarms near the ceiling on every level of your residency
  • Test your smoke alarm once a month and replace battery once a year. Make sure to replace your smoke alarm once every 10 years.
Escaping Fire
  • Review escape routes with family and practice escaping
  • Make sure windows are easily opened from the inside
  • Teach family members to stay low to the ground when escaping a fire
  • Clear out areas of rubbish so pathways are not blocked
Flammable Items
  • Never use flammable liquids indoors
  • Store flammable liquids in approved safety containers
  • Never smoke indoors or near flammable liquids
  • Discard of all rags that have been soaked in flammable liquids, outdoors and in metal containers    
  • Insulate chimneys and make sure that the chimney is 3ft higher than the roof. Install a spark arrester on top of the chimney and remove any branches above.
Heating Sources
  • Be careful when using heating sources like kerosene. Check with local fire departments for the legal usage of kerosene in your community.
  • Place heaters 3ft away from flammable materials
  • Keep open flames away from any flammable items
  • Install a screen in front of fireplaces
Matches and Smoking
  • Keep matches and lighters away from children
  • Never smoke when drowsy or on medication. Use a sturdy ashtray and douse cigar butts with water before disposal
Electrical Wiring
  • Have an electrician check the wiring of your residency
  • Do not overload outlets or extension cords
  • Inspect extension cords for loose or expose wiring
Other
  • Install fire extinguishers around your home and teach family members the proper way to use them
  • Request local fire departments to inspect your residency for fire safety and prevention
What to do during a fire
  • If you catch on fire, you should stop, drop, and roll until the flames are put out.
  • Check closed doors for heat with the back of your hand before opening. Using your palm may impair your ability to escape
  • Do not open the door if it is hot. Use a light colored sheet and hang it outside of a window to alert firefighters of your presence
  • Slowly open the door if it is cool. If the escape route is blocked, close the door and find an alternative route. Closing the door will delay the fire from spreading. If the escape route is clear, proceed through and close the door behind you. Crawl on the floor because fire fumes rise, air that is near the floor is cool
  • Once you are safe do not reenter the building, instead call 911
What to do after a fire
  • If there is a burn victim, call 911, cool and cover the injury to reduce further damage
  • If you detect heat or smoke in a building, evacuate immediately
  • 火是危險的可能傳播速度非常快。每一年4,000 美國人死於火災 25,000 美國人因火災受傷。火災生的有毒氣體導致身體困倦也會困惑不解。吸入熱空氣火更危險。欲了解更多信息請聯繫當地的消防部門或瀏覽上網 http://www.fema.gov/hazard/fire/index.shtm
  • 發生火災, 你可以做什麼來保護自己和他人:
    煙霧報警器: 
    煙霧報警器可以增加您的生存機會  
    放置煙霧報警器在各個層面居住的天花板附近  
    每月,測試你的煙霧報警器一次,更換電池一次。10年, 請務必將您的煙霧報警器更換逃離火災: 
    與家人查看逃生路線和實踐逃離 
    確保很容易從裡面打開  
    教導家庭成員逃離火災時,留在地  
    清除垃圾等, 使領域的途徑是不堵易燃物品:  
    切勿在室使用易燃液體 
    儲存易燃液體的容器在安全的集裝箱  
    不要在室吸煙或靠近易燃液體 
    丟棄所有已浸透易燃液體, 室外和金屬容器的衣衫襤褸  
    部分煙並確保3英尺的煙高於屋頂。火花避雷器安裝在上面的煙並移除任何分行以上。
     
    加熱源: 
    小心使用取暖源如煤油。請與當地消防部門討論合法煤油的使用 
    將加熱器遠離易燃材料3英尺  
    將明火遠離易燃物品  
    安裝一個屏幕壁爐的前面
    火柴和吸煙: 
    將火柴和打火機遠離兒童  
    昏昏欲睡時,切勿吸煙或使用藥物。使用堅固的雪茄煙灰缸和澆了水後, 丟棄煙頭
    電氣接線:  
    有電工檢永久居住的線路 切勿超載或延長線插座 延長線接線是否鬆動或揭露
    其他: 
    安裝滅火器在你的家裡和教授家庭成員正確方法使用它們  
    要求向當地消防部門檢您居住的安全

    發生火災, 怎麼辦: 
    如果您著火你應該停止刪除和滾動直至火焰熄滅。  
    你背部的手檢閉門熱。用你的手掌可能會損害您的能力逃生  
    如果門是熱的,不要開門。使用淺色負債表和把它掛在窗口外提醒消防隊員您的存在 
    如果是涼爽,慢慢地打開門。如果逃生通道被阻塞關閉門找到一個替代路線。關閉的大門將延遲火蔓延。如果逃生路線是明確的進行並關閉門在你身後。在地上爬行因為火災煙霧上升附近的地板, 空氣是涼爽的. 
    一旦你是安全的, 不重新進入大樓而撥打 911
    火災後, 怎麼辦:  
  • 如果有一個燒傷病人撥打 911冷卻並覆蓋住的傷害進一步降低損害 如果您發現發熱或煙霧的建築物立即撤離.
  • Sources: 
  • www.72hours.org
  • http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/index.shtm 










            2008 Fire Prevention Week - "The Checklist" by nfpadotorg